Single-operation Rydberg phase gates via dynamic population suppression

npj Quantum Inf. (2026) · DOI: 10.1038/s41534-026-01329-5 · arXiv: 2512.07656

Paper license: CC BY 4.0. Data: Hosted with the authors' permission; no licence granted. Ask the authors before reuse beyond citation.

Abstract

We propose a versatile control protocol based on modulated zero-pulse-area fields that dynamically suppresses Rydberg excitation while retaining Rydberg-Rydberg interactions as an entangling phase resource. This mechanism enables single-step, perfectly entangling phase gates for arbitrary blockade strengths, eliminating finite-blockade errors even when the Rabi frequency approaches or exceeds the interaction energy. The approach defines a new operational regime for Rydberg-blockade quantum logic in which speed, fidelity, and robustness are addressed simultaneously within a simple dynamical framework. Owing to its simplicity and generality, the technique is compatible with a wide range of neutral-atom architectures and offers a promising route toward scalable, high-fidelity quantum computation and simulation.

Figures

18 panels with data across 5 figures. Each panel page shows the plot, its columns and its files; each data.csv begins with a header naming the paper, the panel, the source, the license and the provenance route.

Fig. 1

Illustrative figure, no extractable data. Shown in the paper PDF.

Fig. 2

• panel (a): Heatmap of the accumulated phase $\alpha(\pi)$ of states $|01\rangle$ and $|10\rangle$, in units of $\pi$, against modulation frequency $\omega_e t_p$ and peak Rabi frequency $\Omega_0 t_p$, for a blockade value $V = 50/t_p$. data.csv
• panel (b): Heatmap of the accumulated phase $\beta(\pi)$ of state $|11\rangle$, in units of $\pi$, against modulation frequency $\omega_e t_p$ and peak Rabi frequency $\Omega_0 t_p$, for a blockade value $V = 50/t_p$. data.csv
• panel (c): Heatmap of the controlled-Z gate fidelity $\mathcal{F}$ against modulation frequency $\omega_e t_p$ and the ratio $\Omega_0/V$ of peak Rabi frequency to blockade value. data.csv
• panel (d): Heatmap of the entangling power $\mathcal{P}$ of the gate, normalized to its maximum possible value, against modulation frequency $\omega_e t_p$ and the ratio $\Omega_0/V$ of peak Rabi frequency to blockade value. data.csv

Fig. 3

• panel (a): Heatmap of the population of state $|10\rangle$ (or $|01\rangle$) after the gate, against modulation frequency $\omega_e t_p$ and Rabi frequency $\Omega_0 t_p$, for $V = 50/t_p$. data.csv
• panel (b): Heatmap of the population of state $|11\rangle$ after the gate, against modulation frequency $\omega_e t_p$ and Rabi frequency $\Omega_0 t_p$, for $V = 50/t_p$. data.csv

Fig. 4

• panel (a): Optimal peak Rabi frequency $\Omega_0 t_p$ against modulation frequency $\omega_e t_p$: the value that gives $\alpha = -2\pi$ for the singly excited states $|01\rangle$ and $|10\rangle$. data.csv
• panel (b): Heatmap of the gate fidelity $\mathcal{F}$ against modulation frequency $\omega_e t_p$ and Rydberg-Rydberg interaction $V t_p$, with $\Omega_0$ at the optimal value of panel (a). The dashed line, labelled analytical sol., is the locus predicted analytically from the condition $\beta = -3\pi$. data.csv
• panel (c): Heatmap of the final population $P_{11}$ of $|11\rangle$ after the gate against modulation frequency $\omega_e t_p$ and interaction $V t_p$, for the parameters of panel (b). The dashed line is $V = 2\omega_e$. data.csv
• panel (d): Optimal peak Rabi frequency $\Omega_0 t_p$ against modulation frequency $\omega_e t_p$, as in panel (a) but for the higher-order condition $|\alpha| = 10\pi$. data.csv
• panel (e): Heatmap of the gate fidelity $\mathcal{F}$ against modulation frequency $\omega_e t_p$ and Rydberg-Rydberg interaction $V t_p$, as in panel (b) but for $|\alpha| = 10\pi$, with $\Omega_0$ from panel (d). data.csv
• panel (f): Heatmap of the final population $P_{11}$ of $|11\rangle$ against modulation frequency $\omega_e t_p$ and interaction $V t_p$, as in panel (c) but for $|\alpha| = 10\pi$. The dashed line is $V = 2\omega_e$. data.csv

Fig. 5

• panel (a): Accumulated phase $\alpha \ (\pi)$ of state $|01\rangle$ against time $t/t_p$ during the controlled-Z gate. data.csv
• panel (b): Population against time $t/t_p$ during the controlled-Z gate, two curves: $|01\rangle$ and $|0r\rangle$. States that are not populated are omitted. data.csv
• panel (c): Accumulated phase $\beta \ (\pi)$ of state $|11\rangle$ against time $t/t_p$ during the controlled-Z gate. data.csv
• panel (d): Population against time $t/t_p$ during the controlled-Z gate, three curves: $|11\rangle$, $|W\rangle$ and $|rr\rangle$. States that are not populated are omitted. data.csv

Fig. 6

• panel (a): Gate fidelity against the relative error $\epsilon_\chi\ (\%)$ in one excitation parameter, $\chi = \chi^{\mathrm{opt}}(1 + \epsilon_\chi)$, at $\omega_e = 7.81/t_p$. Three curves, one for each parameter varied: $\Omega_0$, $V$ and $\omega_e$. data.csv
• panel (b): Gate fidelity against the single-photon detuning $\Delta / V\ (\%)$, normalized by the Rydberg-Rydberg interaction $V$, at $\omega_e = 7.81/t_p$. data.csv

Cite

Sebastian C. Carrasco, Jabir Chathanathil, Svetlana A. Malinovskaya, Ignacio Sola, Vladimir S. Malinovsky. Single-operation Rydberg phase gates via dynamic population suppression. npj Quantum Inf. (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-026-01329-5

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