Broadband microwave detection using electron spins in a hybrid diamond-magnet sensor chip

Nat. Commun. 14, 490 (2023) · DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36146-3 · arXiv: 2206.07013

License: CC BY 4.0.

Abstract

Quantum sensing has developed into a main branch of quantum science and technology. It aims at measuring physical quantities with high resolution, sensitivity, and dynamic range. Electron spins in diamond are powerful magnetic field sensors, but their sensitivity in the microwave regime is limited to a narrow band around their resonance frequency. Here, we realize broadband microwave detection using spins in diamond interfaced with a thin-film magnet. A pump field locally converts target microwave signals to the sensor-spin frequency via the non-linear spin-wave dynamics of the magnet. Two complementary conversion protocols enable sensing and high-fidelity spin control over a gigahertz bandwidth, allowing characterization of the spin-wave band at multiple gigahertz above the sensor-spin frequency. The pump-tunable, hybrid diamond-magnet sensor chip opens the way for spin-based gigahertz material characterizations at small magnetic bias fields.

Figures

13 panels with data across 3 figures. Each panel page shows the plot, its columns and its files; each data.csv begins with a header naming the paper, the panel, the source, the license and the provenance route.

Fig. 1

Illustrative figure, no extractable data. Shown in the paper PDF.

Fig. 2

• panel (b): Normalized NV photoluminescence PL (norm.) against signal frequency $f_s$ (GHz), without pump (orange) and with pump at $f_p = f_{\mathrm{NV}} + \delta f/2$ (blue), each with its fitted curve. Dashed vertical lines mark $f_{\mathrm{NV}}$, $f_p$ and $f_{\mathrm{NV}}+\delta f$. data.csv
• panel (c): Normalized NV photoluminescence PL (norm.) against signal frequency $f_s$ (GHz) for five pump frequencies $f_p$, numbered 1 to 5 from left to right as the printed colours run from dark red to yellow. The dashed line marks $f_{\mathrm{NV}}$. The coloured arrows marking the pump frequencies are not included. data.csv
• panel (d): Map of normalized NV photoluminescence against magnetic field $B_{\mathrm{NV}}$ (mT) and signal frequency $f_s$ (GHz), without pump. Dotted black line: three-magnon scattering limit; white line: FMR frequency. The printed dashed $f_{\mathrm{NV}}$ line is not included. data.csv
• panel (e): Map of normalized NV photoluminescence against magnetic field $B_{\mathrm{NV}}$ (mT) and signal frequency $f_s$ (GHz), with a pump at $f_p = (f_s + f_{\mathrm{NV}})/2$. White line: signal drives FMR; dashed white line: pump drives FMR; dashed red line: second node. The printed arrows are not included. data.csv
• panel (f): Spin-wave comb: map of normalized photoluminescence against signal frequency $f_s$ (GHz) and pump frequency $f_p$ (GHz). Dashed lines mark $f_{\mathrm{NV}}$ on both axes; the short black line marks the line cut of the lower inset. The sketched upper inset and the idler labels are not included. data.csv
• panel (f-inset-2): Lower inset of panel (f): photoluminescence against signal frequency $f_s$ (GHz) along the line cut marked in the main panel, showing the idler dips. Hosted in photon counts, where the print shows PL (norm.); the printed Roman-numeral labels are not included. data.csv

Fig. 3

• panel (a): Idler-driven NV ESR spectrum: normalized photoluminescence PL (norm.) against signal frequency $f_s$ (GHz), measured points with the fitted curve, at $f_{\mathrm{NV}} = 2.086$ GHz and $f_p = 2.2$ GHz. Two dashed lines mark the hyperfine-split dips. data.csv
• panel (c): Optically detected Rabi oscillations driven by the first-order idler: normalized photoluminescence against pump-pulse duration $\tau$ (ns) for detunings $\delta f = 200$, 400 and 600 MHz, measured points with fitted curves, offset vertically as printed (the print has no y-axis scale). data.csv
• panel (d): Map of the idler-driven Rabi frequency (MHz) against signal power (dBm) and pump power (dBm), at $f_p = 2.2$ GHz and $f_s = 2.314$ GHz. Blank cells have no value, as in the print. data.csv
• panel (e): Calculated normalized idler amplitude against signal power (dBm) and pump power (dBm). data.csv

Fig. 4

• panel (b): Frequency $f$ (GHz) against field $B_{\mathrm{NV}}$ (mT): FMR (blue), the on-axis NV ESR frequencies $f_{\mathrm{NV}}$ and $|0\rangle \leftrightarrow |{+1}\rangle$ (solid black) and the off-axis ESR frequency (dashed). The printed red box and arrow are not included. data.csv
• panel (d): Map of normalized photoluminescence against pump frequency $f_p$ (GHz) and signal frequency $f_s$ (GHz) at $B_{\mathrm{NV}} = 101.3$ mT. Blue lines: FMR; dashed black lines: off-axis ESR frequency; dotted red line: where the inset traces are taken. The printed arrows and $+/-$ labels are not included. data.csv
• panel (d-inset): Inset of panel (d): ESR contrast against pump frequency $f_p$ (GHz) at $f_s = 4.5$ GHz for three values of $B_{\mathrm{NV}}$, traces 1 to 3 from top to bottom, measured points with fitted curves, offset vertically. Hosted on the normalized scale, where the print gives a 0.1% scale bar; dashed line at $f_p = 4.5$ GHz. data.csv

Cite

Joris J. Carmiggelt, Iacopo Bertelli, Roland W. Mulder, Annick Teepe, Mehrdad Elyasi, Brecht G. Simon, Gerrit E. W. Bauer, Yaroslav M. Blanter, Toeno van der Sar. Broadband microwave detection using electron spins in a hybrid diamond-magnet sensor chip. Nat. Commun. 14, 490 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36146-3

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